1. Latest Progress on the Implementation of Article 6 of the Paris Agreement at COP30 Conference
As of November 17, 2025, the latest progress on the global carbon pricing mechanism under the Paris Agreement (Article 6.4 mechanism) at the COP30 conference shows that no so-called renegotiation of Article 6 has been launched. Current work is mainly focused on three directions: standard refinement, early transactions and regional interconnection. Details are as follows:
(1) Rule negotiations are largely concluded, with focus shifting to implementation. At present, countries generally have no intention of reopening the adopted text negotiations on Article 6. The detailed rules for Article 6.2 cooperative approaches and the Article 6.4 mechanism finalized before 2024 remain in place. One of the core tasks during COP30 is to translate these rules into concrete operational practices.
(2) Bilateral and multilateral cooperation under Article 6.2 is expanding, covering more than 60 countries. During the conference, Indonesia and Norway signed a statement of intent under Article 6.2, to trade climate mitigation outcomes generated by grid-interconnected renewable energy projects in Indonesia. Brazil, Switzerland and Singapore are conducting in-depth negotiations under Article 6.2 and plan to sign a memorandum of understanding, which will mark the first cross-regional transaction case between Latin America, Europe and Asia. Globally, more than 40 Article 6.2 agreements have been signed or are under negotiation, covering over 60 countries.
(3) Carbon credit products under Article 6.4 are being piloted, with the first batch of carbon credits expected to be issued. The Standards for Non-permanence and Reversal Treatment were adopted in October 2025, providing unified monitoring, accountability and compensation standards for reversible removal projects such as forestry, soil and biomass projects. The first batch of pilot projects is expected to complete registration in December 2025, and the first batch of Article 6.4 emission reduction credits may be issued in the first quarter of 2026. Final consultations are underway on technical details such as revenue sharing, and COP30 is expected to adopt supporting procedural guidelines.
(4) There is a notable gap in carbon reduction finance, and carbon market development faces high uncertainty. Article 6.4 explicitly allocates 5% of revenues to the Adaptation Fund, but the current account balance is less than 300 million US dollars. Brazil, as the COP30 presidency, is pushing to earmark part of the new 300-billion-US-dollar funding target for carbon market infrastructure development, but the final amount has not been confirmed.
(5) The Open Alliance for Carbon Trading Markets is established, and regional integration becomes a new topic. Eleven countries and regions including China, the European Union and Brazil initiated the establishment of the alliance during COP30, aiming to coordinate national carbon pricing mechanisms, promote carbon market interoperability, and build a transparent and credible global carbon market network. Brazil’s proposal for a regional carbon market integration mechanism has been included in the draft text, which advocates first unifying MRV, project standards and registration portals within each region, then gradually advancing cross-regional mutual recognition, so as to reduce fragmentation risks and increase the participation of developing countries.
2. Release of the Belém Health Action Plan at COP30 Conference
On November 13, 2025, the host country Brazil officially released the Belém Health Action Plan (BHAP) at COP30, aiming to support the health sector in adapting to climate change. As the first international climate adaptation document dedicated to the health sector, the plan marks the integration of health adaptation into the core agenda of global climate governance in a structured manner. BHAP proposes climate response measures centered on equity and justice, and will be implemented in cooperation with the Alliance for Climate and Health Transformative Action (ATACH) under the supervision of the World Health Organization. It is structured around three interconnected pillars of action:
(1) Monitoring and surveillance – to strengthen health monitoring systems for effective response to climate-related threats, such as outbreaks of vector-borne diseases and mental health risks triggered by extreme weather events.
(2) Evidence-based policies, strategies and capacity building – to promote multi-stakeholder collaboration among governments, research institutions and civil society, and accelerate the scaling up and implementation of proven effective response measures.
(3) Innovation, production and digital health – to develop customized solutions for vulnerable populations through investment in research and technological innovation.
3. Side Event on Collaborative Governance of Climate and Health at COP30 Conference
On November 14, 2025, a side event themed People First: Advancing Collaborative Governance of Climate and Health was held at the China Pavilion of COP30. The event focused on climate and health issues, showcased Chinese wisdom, and contributed to integrating health issues into global climate governance. In his address, Li Gao, Vice Minister of Ecology and Environment, noted that China attaches great importance to addressing climate and health risks. In September 2024, 12 departments jointly issued a relevant action plan, improving the top-level design in this field. Meanwhile, China signed the COP28 UAE Declaration on Climate and Health to honor its commitment to participating in global climate and health governance. Diarmid Campbell-Lendrum, a senior official from the World Health Organization, also stated that WHO will continue to support countries in addressing air pollution and climate change, and advance collaborative climate and health governance.
4. Progress on Climate Finance Transfer at COP30 Conference
After the first week of the 30th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP30), landmark progress has been made on the core issue of climate finance.
(1) Finance roadmap: from commitment to delivery
The Baku to Belém Roadmap, endorsed by all country representatives, sets out a clear path for global climate finance through 2035, with a commitment to mobilize 1.3 trillion US dollars annually for developing countries. This initiative demonstrates the firm resolve of the international community to tackle climate change. The core goal of the roadmap is the equitable expansion of financing scale: starting from 300 billion US dollars, it will expand funding sources through reforming the international financial system, debt relief and taxation on high-polluting sectors, while using a combination of fiscal incentives and regulation to redirect private capital from environmentally harmful sectors to climate investment and financing.
(2) Dedicated funds: health and agriculture become new priorities
Significant progress has also been made in dedicated climate funds at this conference, with health and agriculture as the focus. More than 35 charitable organizations have jointly pledged 300 million US dollars to strengthen the resilience of public health systems. Meanwhile, agricultural climate finance has received a major boost. CGIAR (Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research) has secured 142 million US dollars in funding pledges to develop climate-resilient agricultural solutions. These funds aim to help smallholder farmers withstand extreme weather and safeguard food security.
(3) Innovative finance: expansion of climate finance mechanisms
Innovative financing mechanisms have been significantly expanded at COP30. The Brazilian National Development Bank and the Ministry of the Environment have attracted 8.84 billion Brazilian reals (approximately 1.67 billion US dollars) in climate finance. Multiple European banks have pledged to invest 10 billion euros (approximately 1.16 billion US dollars) in climate finance through repayment mechanisms by 2027.
5. Key Progress in Global Climate Adaptation Action at COP30 Conference
Climate adaptation is one of the main themes of COP30. During the first week of the 30th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP30) held in Belém, Brazil, critical progress has been made in global climate adaptation action. After years of negotiations, a major breakthrough has been achieved in the Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA) framework with 100 specific indicators. This indicator system covering seven core areas including water security, food and agricultural production, ecosystem protection and infrastructure resilience can provide quantifiable, assessable and comparable scientific basis for global adaptation action. It is of great significance especially for supporting developing countries and small island states most vulnerable to climate change, marking that global climate adaptation action is moving from political commitments to a measurable and assessable stage.
China’s climate adaptation proposal put forward at this conference has contributed Eastern wisdom to the world. Through a side event themed China’s Approach to Climate Adaptation, the Chinese delegation systematically presented China’s national strategy of placing equal emphasis on mitigation and adaptation. China has launched 39 pilot projects for building climate-resilient cities, forming a three-level coordinated implementation framework of national strategy, provincial delivery and city-level demonstration. Meanwhile, China’s Mazu Early Warning Initiative, supported by the Fengyun meteorological satellite network, provides accurate meteorological services and disaster early warning support for developing countries, especially least developed countries, demonstrating China’s image as a responsible major country in global climate governance. Liu Zhenmin, China’s Special Representative for Climate Change Affairs, stated that China will continue to build regional early warning cooperation platforms through South-South and bilateral cooperation, and share China’s adaptation experience with the world.
